Original research - 1 July 2026
Skilled Migration Accessibility Index 2026
A 2026 planning-accessibility index scoring tracked skilled migration routes by cost, funds, salary floor, processing-clock transparency, sponsor requirement, settlement path and source freshness.
The score measures planning friction in tracked data, not whether a route is the right route for a person. It is not legal advice and not a prediction of individual outcome, eligibility, or deadline.
By Sam Parks, Editor and lead researcher.
30
Scored routes
62.3/100
Average score
11
No sponsor required
24
Settlement-path routes
Key findings
- 2 tracked routes score as more accessible planning profiles, combining lower applicant cost, lower salary or funds exposure, sponsor flexibility and stronger clock transparency.
- 20 routes have a route-specific salary or income threshold mapped into the score, while 28 routes connect to the processing-time reliability index.
- The median tracked route has about $2,146 in mandatory non-refundable cost after approximate USD normalisation.
- Every row links back to the source datasets for cost-to-complete, processing reliability, salary thresholds and visa route metadata.
Lowest-friction planning profiles
Canada: Express Entry — Canadian Experience Class (CEC)
$1,458-$2,111 sunk cost; no mapped salary floor
85/100
More accessible planning profile
Canada: Express Entry — Federal Skilled Worker (FSW)
$1,598-$2,146 sunk cost; no mapped salary floor
85/100
More accessible planning profile
United Kingdom: Health and Care Worker visa
$428-$587 sunk cost; £25,000
79/100
Balanced planning profile
Germany: Chancenkarte (Germany Opportunity Card)
$628-$1,270 sunk cost; no headline salary floor
77/100
Balanced planning profile
Australia: Skilled Independent visa (subclass 189)
$5,166-$5,995 sunk cost; no mapped salary floor
75/100
Balanced planning profile
Highest-friction planning profiles
United States: H-1B Specialty Occupation
$3,595 sunk cost; us$62,000
27/100
High-friction planning profile
Singapore: S Pass
$12,669-$14,059 sunk cost; no mapped salary floor
32/100
High-friction planning profile
Australia: Skills in Demand visa (subclass 482)
$7,149-$9,184 sunk cost; a$79,423
38/100
High-friction planning profile
Netherlands: Highly Skilled Migrant (Kennismigrant)
$2,408-$3,313 sunk cost; €3,122
45/100
High-friction planning profile
Australia: Employer Nomination Scheme (subclass 186)
$7,229-$8,988 sunk cost; a$79,423
47/100
High-friction planning profile
Methodology
A source-linked 2026 index scoring tracked skilled and skilled-adjacent migration routes by planning accessibility: sunk cost, proof-of-funds exposure, salary floor, processing-clock transparency, sponsor requirement, settlement path and source freshness.
| Component | Max | What it rewards |
|---|---|---|
| sunkCost | 20 | Lower mandatory non-refundable applicant cost scores higher, using approximate USD only for cross-currency ordering. |
| refundableFunds | 15 | Lower proof-of-funds, blocked-account or settlement-funds exposure scores higher; no tracked refundable requirement receives full points. |
| salaryFloor | 15 | Lower route-specific salary or income floors score higher. Routes with no tracked floor receive high credit; missing salary mapping receives partial credit. |
| processingReliability | 20 | Uses one fifth of the processing-time planning reliability score, rewarding more transparent official decision clocks. |
| sponsorFlexibility | 15 | Unsponsored routes score higher because applicants can plan without first obtaining a licensed employer or sponsor. |
| settlementPath | 10 | Routes that can lead to settlement or permanent residence score higher for long-term planning accessibility. |
| sourceFreshness | 5 | Rows whose oldest underlying source review is within 45 days of the index version receive full data-confidence credit. |
Full index
Scores are sorted from lower-friction planning profiles to higher-friction profiles. Approximate USD values are for cross-currency ordering only; local-currency source pages remain authoritative.
| Route | Score | Cost exposure | Salary and processing | Sponsor and settlement |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Canada: Express Entry — Canadian Experience Class (CEC)Cost model | 85More accessible planning profile | Sunk: $1,458-$2,111Local: CA$2,075-CA$3,005Funds: None tracked | No mapped salary floor7 months | No sponsor requiredSettlement path trackedOldest source: 1 July 2026 |
| Canada: Express Entry — Federal Skilled Worker (FSW)Cost model | 85More accessible planning profile | Sunk: $1,598-$2,146Local: CA$2,275-CA$3,055Funds: $10,722 | No mapped salary floor7 months | No sponsor requiredSettlement path trackedOldest source: 1 July 2026 |
| United Kingdom: Health and Care Worker visaCost model | 79Balanced planning profile | Sunk: $428-$587Local: £324-£444Funds: $1,679 | £25,000Salary thresholds3 weeks | Sponsor requiredSettlement path trackedOldest source: 1 July 2026 |
| Germany: Chancenkarte (Germany Opportunity Card)Cost model | 77Balanced planning profile | Sunk: $628-$1,270Local: €551-€1,115Funds: $14,917 | No headline salary floorSalary thresholdsNot centrally published | No sponsor requiredSettlement path trackedOldest source: 1 July 2026 |
| Australia: Skilled Independent visa (subclass 189)Cost model | 75Balanced planning profile | Sunk: $5,166-$5,995Local: A$7,501-A$8,705Funds: None tracked | No mapped salary floor50%: 7 months; 90%: 8 months | No sponsor requiredSettlement path trackedOldest source: 1 July 2026 |
| Sweden: Work Permit (Arbetstillstånd)Cost model | 73Balanced planning profile | Sunk: $226-$329Local: SEK 2,200-SEK 3,200Funds: $42,484 | SEK 28,725Salary thresholds4 weeks – 2 months | Sponsor requiredSettlement path trackedOldest source: 1 July 2026 |
| Austria: Red-White-Red Card (Rot-Weiß-Rot-Karte)Cost model | 73Balanced planning profile | Sunk: $260-$414Local: €228-€363Funds: None tracked | No headline salary floorSalary thresholdsNot centrally published | Sponsor requiredSettlement path trackedOldest source: 27 June 2026 |
| Finland: Residence permit for a specialistCost model | 70Balanced planning profile | Sunk: $615-$746Local: €540-€655Funds: $4,486 | €3,937Salary thresholdsNo mapped processing clock | Sponsor requiredSettlement path trackedOldest source: 1 July 2026 |
| Norway: Skilled Worker Residence Permit (Oppholdstillatelse som faglaert)Cost model | 70Balanced planning profile | Sunk: $635-$836Local: NOK 6,300-NOK 8,300Funds: None tracked | No headline salary floorSalary thresholdsNot centrally published | Sponsor requiredSettlement path trackedOldest source: 1 July 2026 |
| United Kingdom: Skilled Worker visaCost model | 70Balanced planning profile | Sunk: $5,188-$5,347Local: £3,924-£4,044Funds: $1,679 | £33,400Salary thresholds3 weeks | Sponsor requiredSettlement path trackedOldest source: 30 June 2026 |
| Portugal: D8 visa (digital nomad / remote work)Cost model | 69Balanced planning profile | Sunk: $479-$1,185Local: €420-€1,040Funds: $12,579 | €44,160Salary thresholdsNot centrally published | No sponsor requiredSettlement path trackedOldest source: 1 July 2026 |
| Canada: Express Entry — Federal Skilled Trades (FST)Cost model | 68Balanced planning profile | Sunk: $1,458-$2,813Local: CA$2,075-CA$4,005Funds: $10,722 | No mapped salary floorNot centrally published | No sponsor requiredSettlement path trackedOldest source: 1 July 2026 |
| New Zealand: Accredited Employer Work Visa (AEWV)Cost model | 67Balanced planning profile | Sunk: $1,732-$2,447Local: NZ$3,060-NZ$4,325Funds: None tracked | No headline salary floorSalary thresholdsImmigration New Zealand lists Accredited Employer Work Visa worker applications at 80% within 8 weeks. | Sponsor requiredNo settlement path trackedOldest source: 1 July 2026 |
| Singapore: Employment Pass (EP)Cost model | 66Balanced planning profile | Sunk: $255Local: SGD 330Funds: $51,896-$57,457 | SGD 5,600Salary thresholds10 days – 2 weeks | Sponsor requiredNo settlement path trackedOldest source: 1 July 2026 |
| Germany: EU Blue Card (Germany)Cost model | 65Balanced planning profile | Sunk: $211-$404Local: €185-€355Funds: None tracked | €45,934Salary thresholdsNot centrally published | Sponsor requiredSettlement path trackedOldest source: 1 July 2026 |
| New Zealand: Skilled Migrant Category Resident VisaCost model | 64Complex planning profile | Sunk: $3,853-$5,050Local: NZ$6,810-NZ$8,925Funds: $41,194-$61,791 | NZ$35Salary thresholdsImmigration New Zealand snapshot checked 10 September 2026: 80% of Skilled Migrant Category applications completed within 4 months, with a 9.5-week average wait. | No sponsor requiredSettlement path trackedOldest source: 1 July 2026 |
| Canada: Provincial Nominee Program (PNP)Cost model | 63Complex planning profile | Sunk: $2,652-$3,200Local: CA$3,775-CA$4,555Funds: $10,722 | No mapped salary floorNot centrally published | No sponsor requiredSettlement path trackedOldest source: 1 July 2026 |
| Australia: Skilled Nominated visa (subclass 190)Cost model | 62Complex planning profile | Sunk: $5,169-$6,205Local: A$7,506-A$9,010Funds: None tracked | No mapped salary floorNot centrally published | No sponsor requiredSettlement path trackedOldest source: 1 July 2026 |
| Australia: Skilled Work Regional (Provisional) visa (subclass 491)Cost model | 62Complex planning profile | Sunk: $5,169-$6,205Local: A$7,506-A$9,010Funds: None tracked | No mapped salary floorNot centrally published | No sponsor requiredSettlement path trackedOldest source: 1 July 2026 |
| United States: TN USMCA Professionals (Canada & Mexico)Cost model | 60Complex planning profile | Sunk: $80Local: US$80Funds: None tracked | No mapped salary floorNot centrally published | Sponsor requiredNo settlement path trackedOldest source: 1 July 2026 |
| Ireland: Critical Skills Employment PermitCost model | 60Complex planning profile | Sunk: $1,481-$1,732Local: €1,300-€1,520Funds: None tracked | €40,904Salary thresholdsDETE’s page, published as at 04 September 2026, listed Critical Skills Employment Permit applications received on 26 August 2026. That 9-day difference is a queue-position snapshot, not a decision-time estimate. | Sponsor requiredSettlement path trackedOldest source: 22 June 2026 |
| Spain: Digital Nomad Visa (Spain)Cost model | 60Complex planning profile | Sunk: $737-$1,911Local: €647.02-€1,677.02Funds: $38,954 | €34,188Salary thresholdsNot centrally published | No sponsor requiredSettlement path trackedOldest source: 1 July 2026 |
| Denmark: Pay Limit Scheme (Beloebsordningen)Cost model | 53Complex planning profile | Sunk: $1,038-$1,114Local: DKK 6,810-DKK 7,310Funds: $84,147 | DKK 552,000Salary thresholds4 weeks – 3 months | Sponsor requiredSettlement path trackedOldest source: 1 July 2026 |
| United States: O-1 Individuals with Extraordinary Ability or AchievementCost model | 53Complex planning profile | Sunk: $1,655-$2,155Local: US$1,655-US$2,155Funds: None tracked | No mapped salary floorNot centrally published | Sponsor requiredNo settlement path trackedOldest source: 1 July 2026 |
| France: Talent Passport — Salaried Employee (Passeport Talent Salarié)Cost model | 51Complex planning profile | Sunk: $408-$553Local: €358-€485Funds: $45,100 | €39,582Salary thresholdsNot centrally published | Sponsor requiredSettlement path trackedOldest source: 1 July 2026 |
| Australia: Employer Nomination Scheme (subclass 186)Cost model | 47High-friction planning profile | Sunk: $7,229-$8,988Local: A$10,496-A$13,050Funds: $54,699 | A$79,423Salary thresholdsDirect Entry Pathway: 50% 13 Months; 90% 21 Months | Agreement Pathway: 50% 58 Days; 90% 12 Months | Transition Pathway: 50% 14 Months; 90% 22 Months | Sponsor requiredSettlement path trackedOldest source: 1 July 2026 |
| Netherlands: Highly Skilled Migrant (Kennismigrant)Cost model | 45High-friction planning profile | Sunk: $2,408-$3,313Local: €2,113-€2,908Funds: $42,686-$81,244 | €3,122Salary thresholdsNot centrally published | Sponsor requiredSettlement path trackedOldest source: 1 July 2026 |
| Australia: Skills in Demand visa (subclass 482)Cost model | 38High-friction planning profile | Sunk: $7,149-$9,184Local: A$10,381-A$13,335Funds: $54,699 | A$79,423Salary thresholdsNot centrally published | Sponsor requiredSettlement path trackedOldest source: 1 July 2026 |
| Singapore: S PassCost model | 32High-friction planning profile | Sunk: $12,669-$14,059Local: SGD 16,405-SGD 18,205Funds: $30,582-$35,215 | No mapped salary floorNo mapped processing clock | Sponsor requiredNo settlement path trackedOldest source: 1 July 2026 |
| United States: H-1B Specialty OccupationCost model | 27High-friction planning profile | Sunk: $3,595Local: US$3,595Funds: $62,000-$150,000 | US$62,000Salary thresholdsNot centrally published | Sponsor requiredNo settlement path trackedOldest source: 1 July 2026 |
Limits
- This is a planning-accessibility index, not a route recommendation and not a prediction of individual outcome, eligibility, or deadline.
- The index covers tracked Visa Atlas cost-to-complete models, not every immigration route in each destination.
- A high score means lower planning friction in the tracked dimensions; applicants still need to meet the route rules and source documents.
Cite or reuse this dataset
This index is free to reuse under CC BY 4.0. Cite this report for the scoring methodology, the JSON endpoint for the derived rows, and the listed sources for the underlying route, cost, salary and processing records.
Suggested citation
Visa Atlas, "Visa Atlas skilled-migration planning accessibility index", https://visaatlas.org/research/skilled-migration-accessibility-index-2026. Last verified 1 July 2026.
Primary sources (166)
- IRCC — Canadian Experience Class
- IRCC - submit an Express Entry profile
- IRCC - citizenship and immigration application fees
- IRCC - Express Entry language test results
- IRCC - Express Entry proof of funds
- IRCC - apply for permanent residence through Express Entry
- IRCC — Check processing times
- European Central Bank - euro foreign exchange reference rates
- IRCC — Federal Skilled Worker Program
- IRCC — Express Entry category-based selection
- IRCC - Express Entry language test results
- IRCC - Express Entry education credential assessment
- IRCC - Service standards
- GOV.UK — Health and Care Worker visa
- GOV.UK: travel with your eVisa
- GOV.UK - Health and Care Worker visa: money to support yourself
- Home Office immigration and nationality fees - 8 April 2026
- Make it in Germany — Opportunity Card (Federal Government info portal)
- Make it in Germany — Opportunity Card questions and answers (financial proof, work rules)
- Residence Act §20a/§20b with points annex — official consolidated law text
- Anabin — Database of recognised foreign qualifications
- Auswärtiges Amt — Online application portal
- Make it in Germany — Self-Check Opportunity Card (points calculator)
- Make it in Germany — Opportunity Card finances
- Blocked-account providers (Fintiba / Expatrio)
- KMK — Zentralstelle für ausländisches Bildungswesen (ZAB)
- Goethe-Institut — exam fees
- Department of Home Affairs — Skilled Independent visa (subclass 189)
- Home Affairs - current visa pricing table
- Home Affairs - skills assessment requirement
- Home Affairs - English language visa requirements
- Home Affairs - health requirement
- Home Affairs - character requirements for visas
- Home Affairs - biometrics
- Home Affairs — Global visa processing times
- Migrationsverket — Employees work permit
- Migrationsverket — Salary requirements for a work permit
- Migrationsverket — Employing a non-EU/EEA citizen
- Migrationsverket — Extend an employee work permit
- Migrationsverket — Good-conduct requirements from 13 July 2026
- Migrationsverket - Employer work-permit process
- migration.gv.at - Permanent immigration: Red-White-Red Card
- migration.gv.at - Skilled Workers in Shortage Occupations
- migration.gv.at - Other Key Workers
- migration.gv.at - Red-White-Red Card plus
- migration.gv.at - Family reunification
- AMS - Red-White-Red Card points calculator
- Migri — Specialist residence permit
- Migri - Processing fees and payment methods
- Migri - Fast track
- Migri - D visa
- Migri - Income requirement for family members
- Migri - Spouse in Finland with a residence permit
- UDI — Skilled workers
- UDI - Fees
- UDI - Pay and working conditions in Norway
- UDI - Application Portal
- NOKUT — Recognition of foreign qualifications
- GOV.UK — Skilled Worker visa
- Immigration Rules Appendix Skilled Worker
- Immigration Salary List
- GOV.UK - Skilled Worker visa: money to support yourself
- GOV.UK - Pay for UK healthcare as part of your immigration application
- GOV.UK — Visa decision waiting times
- GOV.UK — Immigration Salary List
- VistosMNE — Digital nomads (D8)
- VistosMNE - national visa fees
- AIMA - residence-permit services
- VistosMNE - national visa travel insurance
- Portugal ePortugal - tax identification number
- VistosMNE - external service providers
- Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs — National visas
- IRCC — Federal Skilled Trades Program
- Immigration New Zealand — Accredited Employer Work Visa
- INZ - Accredited employer list
- INZ - AEWV employer accreditation and job-check fees
- INZ - Partner of a Worker Work Visa
- INZ — National Occupation List and annual median-wage increase (NZD 35.00/hr, 9 March 2026)
- INZ - Operational Manual U8.20: minimum income to support dependent children
- Immigration New Zealand - International Qualification Assessment guidance
- Immigration New Zealand - Dependent Child Student Visa
- Immigration New Zealand - Child of a Worker Visitor Visa
- MOM — Employment Pass
- MOM — EP eligibility and COMPASS
- MOM - Apply for an Employment Pass
- MOM - Employment Pass documents required
- MOM - Apply for a Dependant's Pass
- Make it in Germany — EU Blue Card
- Federal Foreign Office — Visa information
- Make it in Germany — academic qualification assessment
- Auswaertiges Amt - visa fees
- Gesetze im Internet - Aufenthaltsverordnung section 45
- Make it in Germany - health insurance
- Immigration New Zealand — Skilled Migrant Category
- INZ Operational Manual SR3.5.15 — ITA issued before 24 August 2026
- INZ Operational Manual SR3.10 — SMC summary of requirements (effective 24 August 2026)
- INZ — SMC wage threshold rates
- INZ — Skilled Migrant Category pathway to residence
- INZ — Resident visa wait times
- INZ — English language requirements for skilled residence visas
- IRCC — Provincial Nominee Program
- Ontario - applying to the OINP
- Alberta - AAIP updates
- Department of Home Affairs — Skilled Nominated visa (subclass 190)
- Home Affairs - SkillSelect Expression of Interest
- ACT Migration - key documents checklist
- Department of Home Affairs — Skilled Work Regional (subclass 491)
- Home Affairs - subclass 191 Regional Provisional stream
- USCIS - TN USMCA Professionals
- 8 CFR 214.6
- 8 CFR 103.7(d)(11)
- Federal Register - CBP Immigration Fees Required by HR-1
- U.S. Department of State - Fees for Visa Services
- USCIS - Form G-1055 fee schedule
- USCIS - Premium processing
- USCIS - Form G-1055 fee schedule
- DETE — Critical Skills Employment Permit
- ISD — Stamp 4 upgrades
- ISD — Immigration permission and stamps
- DETE — Changing employer
- Critical Skills Occupations List
- ISD - first registration required documents and fees
- ISD - preclearance and entry visa fees
- ISD - employment visa required documents
- QQI - NARIC Ireland qualification recognition advice
- DETE — Employment permits current processing dates
- Ministerio — International teleworking residence
- BOE - immigration fees, BOE - visa fees, and Spanish National Police TIE fees
- UGE-CE teleworker documentation and BOE - Real Decreto 126/2026
- UGE-CE teleworker documentation and BOE - Real Decreto 126/2026
- BOE - Orden AUC/891/2024 (visa fees)
- New to Denmark — Pay Limit Scheme
- New to Denmark - accompanying family member to an employee
- USCIS — O-1 Visa: Individuals with Extraordinary Ability or Achievement
- USCIS - Premium processing
- USCIS — Case Processing Times
- Service-Public.fr — Passeport talent
- France-Visas - official visa application
- ANEF - online residence procedures
- Service-Public.fr - Passeport talent
- Service-Public.fr - Passeport talent
- Department of Home Affairs — ENS (subclass 186)
- Home Affairs - cost of sponsoring
- Home Affairs - salary requirements
- Home Affairs - 186 Direct Entry stream
- Home Affairs - 186 Temporary Residence Transition stream
- IND — Highly Skilled Migrant
- IND - fees and costs of an application
- IND - required amounts income requirements
- Government of the Netherlands - standard health insurance
- IND — Decision periods
- Department of Home Affairs — Skills in Demand visa
- Home Affairs - Skills in Demand visa streams
- MOM — S Pass
- MOM — Apply for an S Pass
- MOM — S Pass quota and levy
- MOM — S Pass medical insurance
- MOM - S Pass documents required
- USCIS — H-1B Specialty Occupations
- DOL — Labor Condition Application (LCA)
- USCIS - Form G-1055 fee schedule
- USCIS - H and L filing fees for Form I-129
- U.S. Department of Labor - LCA program and prevailing wage
- USCIS - Form I-907 premium processing
- U.S. Department of State - Temporary Worker Visas
- DOL — Foreign Labor Certification wage search