Immigration routes for biologists

Biology research splits between academic and pharma/biotech routes. Universities qualify for UK Skilled Worker (Researcher SOC 2114), US H-1B cap-exempt status, Germany §20 Researcher permit, Canada Express Entry NOC 21110. Industry routes go through standard skilled-worker frameworks; senior researchers may qualify for UK Global Talent (research endorsement via Royal Society or Royal Academy) or US O-1A.